股票杠杆代持 清朝官员与外国签条约的怪事：不看条约内容，签完不对外公布_the_Qing_signed
After the Opium War股票杠杆代持, the Qing Dynasty signed numerous treaties with foreign powers, not all of which were publicly disclosed. Apart from the well-known unequal treaties, there were also agreements signed but kept confidential.
It was said that during the negotiations of the Treaty of Nanjing, there was no Chinese translator present, and the Chinese officials did not carefully consider the Chinese text. This was quite surprising because it seemed the Qing officials were more concerned with concluding the matters quickly rather than understanding the terms that could impact the nation.
展开剩余84%Similar incidents occurred during the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin. The Qing officials, including the Grand Secretary Gui Liang and the Minister of Personnel Hua Shan'e, signed the treaty without even reading its contents. This shocked the British, who remarked that the Qing officials were so accustomed to signing without question that they could be made to sign any treaty.
Not only did they ignore the content, but what surprised foreigners even more was that the Qing court shelved these treaties after signing them, neither publicly announcing them nor earnestly enforcing them as if they never happened.
While this secrecy didn't affect the privileges already acquired by foreign powers in China, it did create confusion among local officials and departments who were unaware of these agreements. This often led to disputes, especially concerning the travel and missionary activities of foreigners across different regions in China.
One of the most notorious incidents was the Margary Affair in Yunnan in 1875. After the signing of the Treaty of Yantai, which further compromised national and ethnic rights, local officials and common people were unaware that the court had already allowed foreigners to \"travel\" in China.
Why didn't the court publicize these treaties? One major reason was saving face. For instance, after the Treaty of Nanjing was signed, the text remained locked away in the offices of the governors of Guangdong and Guangxi, neither submitted for imperial review nor archived, nor distributed downwards. Even the officials of the foreign affairs department were unaware of the specific contents of the treaty, only knowing of its name as a perpetual peace treaty without seeing its text.
Ironically, what embarrassed the Qing court was not just the humiliating content of those unequal treaties, but also the way the British were addressed. Throughout the Qing court, the British were referred to as \"British barbarians\", but in the treaties, this term had to be changed to \"Great Britain\" and the British monarch referred to as \"His Majesty the Great King of Britain\", which was unimaginable for the Chinese at that time.
Upon learning the contents of the treaties, Jiangsu Governor Li Xingyuan was indignant, sighing \"How can we solve this for eternity?\"
Similarly, after the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin, various departments and localities remained uninformed. Even Chinese officials involved in foreign affairs learned the specific contents of the treaties from foreigners.
Perplexed by the Qing court's peculiar behavior, the British took the initiative to announce the Beijing Treaty themselves shortly after its signing. Subsequently, Britain and France printed more than a thousand copies of the \"Regulations for Passage through the Provinces\" and the text of the treaty, which were handed over to their diplomatic officials to distribute to local officials in China.
It must be said that in diplomatic history, it was indeed a wonder that foreigners announced the treaties on behalf of the Chinese. However, this unilateral action by the British caused strong resentment among local officials, who firmly opposed posting notices and distributing treaty texts, citing damage to the court's image.
Unable to persuade local officials, the British had to request the Qing governor-general to issue orders. When the provincial governors received orders to post notices, they played a trick - intentionally cutting the notices into pieces and jumbling them up, making the notices appear complete but incomprehensible.
It was not until the Margary Affair that the Qing court realized that not publicizing treaty contents might have temporarily saved face but risked losing more rights. Since then股票杠杆代持, the court began to seriously consider \"publishing treaties for consultation by local officials\".
发布于：天津市